“As practitioners, we need to be able to explain or at least seek to explain the why behind the what.”
This statement, recently made by a colleague of mine, immediately resonated, especially for therapy related to adverse childhood events (ACE). A vast body of data indicates an increased risk of health issues for children exposed to ACEs. To understand the “why” of this elevated risk, you need to understand the limbic brain, which is common to all mammal species.
The limbic region of the brain takes in basic information from the five senses and relays it to our central nervous system (CNS) for processing. The CNS then helps the endocrine system deliver neurons that trigger an appropriate response from our body. Over time, this chemical response process establishes a pattern in our brain that shapes future reactions to similar experiences. This ability of the brain to form and organize synaptic connections in response to experiences is known as neuroplasticity, and it is formed primarily in early childhood, potentially impacting the way we experience relationships as adults.
The way our brain processes early childhood experiences also determines immune system function by gauging the frequency of being in an aroused state vs. a resting or restorative state. This response is also known as the hypothalamus pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis, which acts as a thermostat for our endocrine system. Certain stimuli require necessary responses – to take action, relax, rest, digest or restore. Adults who’ve experienced a higher frequency of stress in childhood have a more sensitive HPA axis/thermostat response, delivering a much higher ratio of hormones to the body adversely affecting immune function and response.
Even more significant than immune system response is the impact of heightened arousal on the opioid peptide beta-endorphin. What is an opioid peptide beta-endorphin? In short, the effects of these peptides vary, but they all resemble those of opiates. Brain opioid peptide systems are known to play an important role in motivation, emotion, attachment behavior, stress and pain response and the control of food intake. Essentially it is the endorphin released when we feel safe and connected with those we love. Many schools of thought tie human longevity to sustained engagement in deep, close and safe relationships that directly increase opioid peptide endorphins which in turn enhance immune system function. Those who have experienced ACEs often lack safe, intimate relationships.
We are on the cusp of treatment models that will enhance therapy practices and influence education, public policy and the organization of family systems. This post is just a brief overview of the “why” behind the importance of therapy for those who have experienced ACEs. If you are interested in more information on this topic, check out the additional resources listed below:
“Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) - Ace Study.” CDC.gov.